Ethical Ways and Unethical Decisions on a Case Assignment

Ethical Ways and Unethical Decisions on a Case - Assignment Example These include Autonomy promotes choice (Patterson & Patrick, 2000). However, while allowing the woman to make her own choices, the parole officer should still tell her about the parolee’s previous charges. This is because the parole officer has been trusted to offer protection. Pollock (2007), reports that while utilitarian ethics may tolerate actions (means) that ultimately have a good end, any â€Å"bad means† (such as not letting the woman know about the previous child molestation offences of the parolee) might lead to a bad outcome. In this case, not letting the woman know of the parolee’s previous child molestation charges would be going against the code of ethics established for rehabilitation counselors. This is because the woman’s three children aged 6, 9, and 14 would be at serious risk of being harmed by the offender (John). However, in keeping with the justice requirement cited in the rehabilitation counselors’ code of ethics, the probation officer should recognize that no crime has been committed against any of the woman’s children yet (Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors, 2009). An unethical decision would be to assume that the parolee has already committed a crime by being close to â€Å"potential victims.† Other options available in this situation include informing the woman to avoid John at all costs for the safety of the three children. The argument for this is that extreme shaming should be avoided. Pollock (2007) argues that â€Å"shaming† conditions only work towards making the offender feel abandoned and cast aside by the society and may work against the rehabilitation process. Since no offence had been committed to the woman or her children, avoiding â€Å"shaming† the parolee further would still be ethical and morally acceptable. Patterson, J., & Patrick, A. (2000). Choice: Ethical and Legal Rehabilitation Challenges.Rehabilitation Counseling

Free topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free topic - Research Paper Example However, the power of mythology evolves from its capability to communicate the existing requirements for identity within a human society (Williams, 2-3). The cultural as well as religious identity related to Hinduism is considered as quite broad. In Hindu mythology, there are more than 330 million role models that are most likely to validate the person’s identity who have been framed in pace with the developing mankind since ancient times (Doyle, â€Å"Hindu Mythology†). Thesis Statement Two short stories have been considered in the discussion henceforth, i.e. the Story of Yayati and the Incarnation of Vishnu as a Fish with the sole intention to obtain a better knowledge regarding the linkage of cultural values, philosophies and beliefs perceived by Indians with Hindu mythology. Hence, the chief objective of the discussion will be to obtain a better in-sight to the rudiments of Hindu mythology. Rudiments of Hindu Mythology Being the ancient most religion, Hindu mytholog y presents a rich culture along with some distinct but highly valuable principles of human life which can bring integrity and prosperity within the mankind. As the inherent values, ethos and principles of human culture are practiced as a complex purpose, various stories have been described in Hindu mythology rendering a comprehensive understanding of morality and justness within human society. One of the rudiments of Hindu mythology depicts that women play a dominant role as Shakti possessing the power of creation as well as destruction (Goel, â€Å"The Sacred Feminine in Hinduism†). As demonstrated in Ramayana, Kaikeyi (the third wife of King Dasharath) and Manthara (Kaikeyi’s maid) played the fundamental roles to cause the exile of Rama from Ayodhya which certainly caused destruction at the primary view, but for a greater good, i.e. the death of Ravana. Again, in the Story of King Yayati, Devyani (the daughter of sage Shukracharya) was shown imposing a direct impact on the decision making of her father causing the curse of King Yayati (Joshi, â€Å"The Story from Mahabharata†). Another rudiment of Hindu mythology emphasizes on the aspect that there is one ‘Supreme Soul’, God who is the creator and destructor of the cosmos. He is one who preserves the mankind and also punishes them according to their deeds (Hindu Wisdom, â€Å"Symbolism in Hinduism†). This particular belief can be observed apparently with reference to the story of Matsaya Avatar by Lord Vishnu. Matsya Avatar by Lord Vishnu is thought to have taken place in Satya Yuga when the Lord destroyed the life on earth due to the unsystematic and unjust practices of human kind (Purucker, â€Å"Section 4: Galaxies and Solar Systems: their Genesis, Structure, and Destiny†). It can be stated that the ‘Law of Karma’ is basic principles of Hinduism. Karma tends to generate its fruits in the form of pain as well as pleasure. It can be observed from the story of Yayati that King Yayati had been cursed by Shukracharya because of King’s own Karma or deeds to have a secret relationship with Sharmishtha. Furthermore, the ‘Law of Karma’ has also been reflected in the story of Matsaya Avatar where the demon, Hayagriva was defeated by Lord Vishnu owing to his deed of stealing the precious Vedas and hampering the creation of life on earth (Sivananda, â€Å"Hinduism†). The Matsya or Fish Avatara According to the Satapatha Brahmana, a Hindu sacred text

Right to Adequate Standard of Living

Right to Adequate Standard of Living RIGHT TO ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING INTRODUCTION ‘’ A RIGHT IS NOT WHAT SOMEONE GIVES YOU; IT’S WHAT NO ONE CAN TAKE FROM YOU ’’ Ramsey Clark Human rights exist to all human beings. Those rights are which is fundamental for living and other human existences. Such as, right to live, speech, work, movement, freedom etc. Whatever their nationality, colour, sex, religion, language or any other status they are all entitled to human rights. Human rights play a great role in everyone’s life but not everyone realizes it. Those should not be taken away. They are inalienable. But in some specific cases it can be restricted. For example if a person is caught by a court for a crime, the liberty right may be restricted. Engineers have meaningful ways to development. But many of us would wonder what engineers can do with human rights. Indeed engineering has everything to do with human rights. As engineers it would be more important to ensure human rights of ours and people who works with us. Those lead to continue designing and implementing projects protecting standard of all living beings. In the 21 century, it seems that there will be increasing engineering opportunities in the human rights field. So in this assignment we are suppose to understand about human rights and discuss about one human right recognized by the international convection on economics, social and cultural rights. According to International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 12: 1. The states parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; b) The improvement of all aspects of environment and industrial hygiene; c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. Everyone has the right to a living standard sufficient for the health and well being. Water is one of the measurements of measuring living standard. However without access to water other rights could not be exercised such as article 12. So everyone has the right to use clean and accessible water. And have to making sure that do not get sick from drinking it and from using it. ‘’ACCESS TO SAFE WATER IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEED AND THEREFORE A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT’’ Kofi Annan http://banksandhumanrights.ch/cs-rights?ci=10 For everyone the water supply must be sufficient for personal uses. Some uses are drinking, washing, domestic purposes, cooking, and personal hygiene. According to the data of the WHO (World Health Organization), a one person need between 50 and 100 liters of water per day. But due to population growth people can’t access safe drink water. Lack access to drinking water nearly one billion people Lack access to sanitation -nearly 2.6 billion people Die from sanitation related diseases per year -nearly 1.6 million people †¦From WHO data A boy collecting water from a drinking water pipe following a break in the pipe at Bangalore. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/activists-rap-bwssbs-leakage-reduction-project/article1063685.ece Because of using unsafe drinking water there are many health problems have arising in Sri Lanka.Out of the 25 districts, more than 15 districts are affected by this problem. Waters in towns are polluted with domestic sewage and industrial effluents and toxic, and waters in rural areas are polluted with agricultural waste and fertilizers. This planet is suitable for living from other planets due to the availability of water. The amount of drinking water in the world is very few. It is less than one percent. The government should provide safe drinking water to people. But Rathupaswala, Weliweriya water issue is yet to be solved. People in Rathupaswala faced a huge problem about their drinking water. Their drinking water was unhygienic due to an industrial waste of a glove factory in Nedungamuwa.According to observations; it was disclosed the PH content in the water was below 3.5 percent. Many residents get their drinking water from plastic tanks. But it was not satisfied..So they had to go to the nearest places looking for water. It has become an added burden to them. People had organized a protest at Weliweriya to regain their rights. But what they received was a rain of bullets instead of water. Three people were killed and over 40 were injured. The military has no right to intervene in civil protest. It is not good of involvement of military in civil affairs. We cannot accept it. So this Rathupaswala water problem becomes a human rights violation. This incident shocked the entire country.Eventhough the government has ordered to remove the glove factory, the problem still exist. Still people in Rathupaswala get their drinking water from black plastic tanks which they were provided. Also there are many serious health problems because of using unsafe drinking water in Sri Lanka.People face difficulties to access drinking water in dry zone. Pipe-borne water coverage in Sri Lanka – around 34% †¦.From 2008 national census So the rest of the people depending on wells, hand pump tube wells, rain water harvesting tanks,canels,streams etc.Much of agriculture is located in the country hill and then toxic chemicals which are added to agriculture enter the country water system and are delivered to around the country. For example via the Mahaweli,Kelani,Kalu,Walawe.Then people who use this water as drinking water are caused health problems.Beacuse of this water pollution number of persons suffering from renal problems has increased. These diseases were leading death in Vavuniya, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Trincomalee, and Badulla. What can chemical engineers do about the unsafe water problem? 1) This unsafe water and related health problems needs to be solved urgently. The first thing that needs to be done is stop polluting the water. The factories which are caused water pollution should be established with an environment conservation license and make sure they are reducing the use of toxic chemicals enter the water system. 2) Another step is treating sewage. Actually Sewage can be treated and reuse after chemical treatment. 3) In many situations treatment of water is necessary to make it suitable for drinking. The main health risk is, water is contamination with waste water. This introduces bacterias, viruses and it can be caused for waterborne diseases. So all pathogenic organisms must be removed. The following table shows the removal of some water contaminants by various treatment processes.      Treatment processes Sedimentation Coagulation Flocculation, sedimentation and filtration Slow sand filtration Multistage filtration Chemical oxidation: disinfection Water contaminants Bacteria 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Viruses 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Giarda cysts 0 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++ Cryptosporidium oocystis 0 0 +++ +++ +++ + Turbidity 0 + ++++ ++++ ++++ 0 Suspended solids 0 +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ 0 Taste and odour ++ 0 +++ +++ +++ + IronandManganese ++ + +++ +++ +++ ++ Fluoride 0 0 + 0 0 0 Arsenic 0 0 ++ + + 0 Heavy metals ++ 0 ++ ++ ++ + Dissolved Oxygen + 0 0 0 Carbon dioxide 0 0 + + 0 Colour and organics 0 0 ++ ++ ++ + 0: no effect +: positive effect : negative effect Table taken from:http://www.lenntech.com/small-community-water-supplies.htm#ixzz2rJmibVU0 . Desalination water will become an important water source in Sri Lanaka.It can help with water problems is to build plants to desalinate sea water. There are many ways to remove salt from sea water. Desalination technology will be considered in situations where sufficient water cannot be found. In some cases desalinate water may be cheaper. Desalination technology can be divided into two groups. They are desalting technology and membrane desalting. However these two types of methods can be used to get fresh water from sea water in Sri Lanka. Water fluoridation So as a chemical engineer, by using these methods we can solve this water problem. The world will be a better place when the human rights are approved by all people. References http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx http://www.unric.org/en/water/27360-making-water-a-human-right http://www.sundaytimes.lk/131020/news/rathupaswala-water-crisis-and-new-moves-to-dam-it-66321.html http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/carr/programs/human-rights-to-water-sanitation http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12926703 http://www.lenntech.com/small-community-water-supplies.htm

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Drug Histo

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For decades the marijuana prohibition has been violating individual’s rights, but scientific research has proven that marijuana has therapeutic uses and is harmless compared to other drugs. Therefore, marijuana should not be considered a dangerous drug and should be legalized. The prohibition of marijuana did not end with crime; nonetheless, it is responsible for the imprisonment of thousands of its users. The government’s campaign against marijuana has also created cultural factors that make the use of marijuana socially unacceptable. However, it should be up to each individual to decide if he/she wants to use marijuana whether it is for pleasure or for therapeutic reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The legalization of marijuana has been strongly debated since the 1920s and 1930s, when it was first recognized as a dangerous drug, and tabloid newspapers popularized exaggerated stories of violent crimes allegedly committed by immigrants intoxicated by marijuana (Grinspoon, Marihuana Reconsidered 118). In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was signed to prohibit the use of marijuana because marijuana supposedly caused violent crimes, â€Å"sexual excess,† addiction, and led to the use of harder drugs (Grinspoon, Marihuana Reconsidered 118). In the 1970s, the government created the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) to study the effects of marijuana (Weir 26). The NIDA published many claims concerning marijuana use, but they did not have evidence to support their claims (Weir 26). This misinformation and the government’s campaign against marijuana made the legalization of marijuana impossible. Marijuana is a harmless drug, but it has not been legalized because people believe most of the anti-marijuana claims. Research studies have proven that marijuana helps the individual experience a sense of well being, relieves fatigue, stimulates the appetite, and induces a feeling of mild stimulation (McDonough 50). Another advantage of marijuana is that experienced users can control the degree and quality of the intoxication by â€Å"coming down† when it is necessary to perform (McDonough 50). Marijuana does not cause sexual excess because daily use of marijuana has not been found to alter testosterone or other sex hormone levels like alcohol use, which lowers testosterone levels (Grinspoon, â€Å"Whither Medical Marijuana† 28). Marijuana is not an addictive drug. National epidemiological sur... ...ugh it is harmless and has medical uses (â€Å"NORML Report on Marijuana†). Over ten million people use marijuana regularly even though it is illegal, which clearly shows that the government’s anti-marijuana campaign has been useless (â€Å"NORML Report on Marijuana†). The government should stop spending scarce federal funds on the campaign against marijuana, and use that money to conduct more research so that the Food and Drug Administration can approve the legalization of marijuana (Grinspoon, â€Å"Whither Medical Marijuana† 27). No amount of research is likely to show that marijuana is as dangerous as tobacco and alcohol because marijuana is a harmless drug. If marijuana had official medical uses, then people would be more likely to accept it. Also, the legalization of marijuana would be regulated so it would not be a threat to society and its users. There are many people who need the legalization of marijuana for medical reasons, but people who us e it for â€Å"fun† also have a right to use it without fearing to be arrested. Marijuana should be legalized for all citizens in the United States, and it should be up to each individual to decide if he/she wants to use marijuana, not the government.

Business Valuations

Q1. Which of the following is the correct formula for Market Capitalization? (MCQ)Previous share price Ãâ€" Number of issued sharesCurrent share price Ãâ€" Number of issued sharesPrevious share price Ãâ€" Number of issued preference sharesCurrent share price Ãâ€" Number of issued convertible shares(2 marks) Q2. Statements given below relate to asset-based valuation for equity. Select appropriate types of asset-based valuation. (HA)Historic Cost Values are easily available BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASISMaximum Cost to be paid for assets by a buyer BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASISAsset Stripping BOOK VALUE NET REALISABLE VALUE REPLACEMENT BASIS(2 marks) Q3. Given below is summary of Vento Co.'s balance sheet: Assets $m Financed by $mNon-current assets 8 $1 Ordinary shares 1Net-current assets 4 Reserves 6- – Loan notes 5Total 12 12Non-current assets include Bulldozer which cost $7m when it was purchased five years ago when it had a useful life of ten years. The company's depreciation policy is on a straight-line basis. These assets were valued $2m by a professional. What is the value per share using NRV basis? (MCQ) $5$5.25$5.5$5.75(2 marks) Q4. Following statements relate to asset-based valuation. (HA) It ignores intangible assets DRAWBACK USEFULNESSIt ignores cash flows from the assets DRAWBACK USEFULNESSTo set a minimum price in an event of a takeover DRAWBACK USEFULNESS(2 marks) Q5. A Target company's dividend per share is $0.3/share ; its competitor has a dividend yield of 8%. Calculate the target company's share price? (FIB)4114804699000$ (2 marks) Q6. Dosed Co has an earnings yield of 17%. Calculate the value of the Dosed Co. based on the present value of the expected earnings? Using the following information given below: (MCQ)Year 1 2 3 4Earnings ($m) 3.4 3.9 4.1 4.5$26.47m$45.9m$62.5m$68.625m(2 marks) Q7. Cato Co. has been open for bidding and it currently has earnings of $3.5m and has 1 million shares in issue & Cato Co. has a current share price of $11 in the market. Calculate the earnings yield of Xerox Co, a business in the same industry sector? (MCQ)3.5%11%31.8%35.3%(2 marks) Q8. VV Co. has price/earnings ratio of 15 and it's industry competitor Kato Co. has an earnings yield of 20%. If assumed, a share price of $1. When comparing VV Co. to Kato Co, which of the following is correct? (HA)Earnings Yield HIGHER LOWERPrice/Earnings Ratio HIGHER LOWER(2 marks) Q9. Ivo Co has made an offer to buy two of its every three shares of Rico Co. Due to this merger, there is a chance that earning after deduction of tax will increase by $10m per year. Assuming that Ivo Co share price increases by $0.5 after its merger and Ivo issues new shares as consideration. What will be the price/earnings ratio of the group using the following information to nearest two decimal places? (FIB)Ivo Co. Rico Co.Profit after Tax $150 $40Market Share Prices $2.5 $1.2Number of shares 200m 60m901702476500(2 marks) Q10. Which TWO of the following are the problems relating to Price/ Earnings ratio? (MRQ)Quoted companies with similar business activities are difficult to findNot applicable for those who do not prefer paying dividends Represents historical costListed company's capital structure might differ from unlisted company's(2 marks) Q11. Yugo Co is acquiring Lotto Co. Yugo Co cost of acquisition at the time of acquiring Lotto Co.'s 20,000 shares will be $400,000. The cash flows are as follows: Year 20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6Cash flow ($) 170,000 235,000 200,000 85,000The weighted average cost of capital for the company is 10%. Calculate the share price of Lotto Co using discounted cash flow? (MCQ)$7.5$7.84$8.20$8.61(2 marks) Q12. Hath Co. has a future dividend forecast: In the current year and the first year, there will be no dividend paid. In year two a dividend of $0.36/share will be paid. In year three a dividend of $0.75/share will be paid and it will grow at 2% every year. If the cost of equity is 8% what will be Hath Co. current share price to the nearest $? (FIB)3613152286000$ (2 marks) Q13. Bitola Co is financed using equity only. The company has just paid the dividend of $80m and the earnings retained and invested were 55%. The investment returns 27% and cost of equity is 18%. What is the market value of the company? (MCQ)$2,917m$3,023m$3,487m$3,716m(2 marks) Q14. Dividend growth model takes many assumptions into account. Select the assumptions from the given statements? (MRQ)The estimates of future dividends and the cost of capital are accurateAll investors are homogenous Influential factors of the market are incorporated in the share price The dividend grow constantly or not grow at all (2 marks) Q15. Which of the following statements is a disadvantage for dividend growth model? (MCQ)The growth rate in the market is equal to the growth used in dividend growth model The cost of equity used is an estimate of a capital asset pricing modelThe method is applicable to all companies even if they don't provide dividendsThe dividends paid by the company are perpetual (2 marks) Q16. A firm has an issue 15% preference shares with a nominal value of $1 each. Currently, the required return of preference shareholders is 25%. The corporation tax is 30%. What is the value of a preference share? (FIB)3714753873500P0 (2 marks)144653070104000 Q17. Jorum Co has issued irredeemable loan notes with a coupon rate of 8%. If the required return of investors is 2%, what is the current market value of the debt? (FIB)Market Value ($) (2 marks) Q18. B4U Co. has 11% redeemable bonds in issue having a cost of debt of 16% before tax. The tax rate in the market is 27%. If the bonds are redeemed in six years' time at a premium of 6% above the par value. Calculate the market value of the bond? (MCQ)$69.35$76.12$84$103.2(2 marks) Q19. Curry has in issue 12% bonds with total nominal value $100,000 and a total redemption value $90,000, with interest payable quarterly. The cost of debt on the bonds is 12% annually. The bonds are redeemable on 31st March 20X2 and it is now 31st December 20X0. Calculate the market value? (FIB)14770102159000Market Value ($) (2 marks) Q20. A 6% redeemable loan note in Voltage Co is due to mature in four years' time at a premium of 10%. It can be converted into 15 ordinary shares at the same time. Voltage Co pays a tax rate of 25%. Its current share price is $4.65 and growth is expected at 8%. If the shareholders require 10% return what is the market value? (MCQ)$51$75.13$94.15$110(2 marks)

Punjab -The Gateway to Serenity

Pakistan is a multicultural society when you visit its urban centers especially Karachi but in the rural areas, it is certainly influenced by one culture and that is the culture of Pakistan first and then the province in which the village is situated. The province of Punjab, one of the largest provinces, has the riches village life and for a first time visitor to Pakistan, it is best to start with Punjab to learn more about village life. People in villages speak the native language of the province and not Urdu, which is the native language of Pakistan. While people understand Urdu, they would prefer to communicate in the regional language. They are very hospitable and what makes them endearing to a visitor is their spontaneity and unaffected behavior. They welcome guests with open arms but are very rigid about their own moral and social codes. Since most of them follow the Islamic religion, they prefer the moral code that comes with being a Muslim. There are no large or small restaurants in the villages. If there is anything even remotely close to a restaurant that's what they call a hotel where they serve food on wooden seats or charpoi (a bed made of jute). Women are expected to dress modestly and most girls are married off very young. Men are not the sole breadwinners and women are allowed to work in the fields with the men. In fact more women choose to work than stay at home. Schools are few and quality of education is low. These schools are run by the state but children still manage to gain required primary education from these schools. Village life in Pakistan is rich and there are many cottage industries that provide most of the handicrafts that are even exported to western countries.